Pura Besakih
Besakih, Indonesia

Pura Besakih - Mother of Temples, a Hindu temple in Bali

Where is located Pura Besakih?

Address of Pura Besakih is Besakih, Rendang, Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia
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When was built Pura Besakih?

Built date of Pura Besakih is The first temples were built in the 8th century; the present form - 15th century

Pura Besakih

Facts, informations and history of Pura Besakih

Bali is not only a paradise for tourists but also a place where culture and religion intertwine in an unforgettable way. At the heart of this Indonesian island lies the Pura Besakih Temple, known as the Mother Temple. This incredibly picturesque site, located on the slope of Mount Agung, attracts both tourists and local Balinese. In this article, we will take a closer look at this temple, its history, significance, and what is worth seeing in its surroundings.

 

Why is Pura Besakih called the Mother Temple?

History of Pura Besakih

Pura Besakih has a long and rich history dating back to at least the 9th century. It is the most important Hindu temple in Bali, and its significance extends beyond the island itself. Pura Besakih was built on the cosmic mountain Meru, which in Hinduism symbolizes the axis of the world. For centuries, this place has been the spiritual and religious center for the Balinese, who believe that their prayers reach the gods—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—from here. Each part of the temple complex reflects different aspects of this rich history, and every temple within Pura Besakih has its own unique significance and function.

 

Cultural and Religious Significance

Pura Besakih plays an irreplaceable role in Hindu religion and is the site of the most important religious ceremonies. The grandest and most spectacular rituals take place here, attracting thousands of Balinese and tourists from across Indonesia. Devout Hindus in Bali believe that Pura Besakih is where the gods descend to earth. The temple complex is filled with prayers, chants, and the sounds of traditional gamelan music. During ceremonies, worshippers present offerings, ask for blessings, and participate in processions. These rituals are deeply rooted in Balinese culture and passed down through generations. Visiting Pura Besakih during a ceremony is an unforgettable experience that offers deeper insight into Balinese Hinduism.

 

What are the main elements of the complex?

The Pura Besakih Temple Complex is vast and diverse. It houses numerous temples, each dedicated to a different deity. In total, there are about 80 temples and shrines. The most important of them is Pura Penataran Agung, which dominates the entire complex. Other significant elements include many meru (temple towers) symbolizing mountains, as well as various statues and altars. The whole complex is surrounded by scenic rice fields and views of Mount Agung, making it a unique destination. From the moment you enter the temple, you can feel the incredible atmosphere that permeates every corner of this magical place.

 

The Sacred Tirta Springs in Pura Besakih

The sacred Tirta springs play a crucial role in ceremonies and rituals at Pura Besakih. Tirta water, regarded as purifying and blessed, is used for ablutions, sprinkling devotees, and offerings. These springs are an integral part of the temple and are believed to have magical properties. Believers think Tirta water purifies the soul and body, brings health and prosperity. Pilgrims often take Tirta water home to use in personal ceremonies and prayers. The Tirta springs at Pura Besakih symbolize spiritual cleansing and renewal, underscoring the temple’s importance to the Balinese. Similar sacred springs can be found in other Balinese temples like Tirta Empul, reflecting the widespread water cult in Balinese Hinduism.

 

Architectural Details and Symbolism of Pura Besakih – Numbers, Symbols, and Craftsmanship

Pura Besakih is a true architectural giant that impresses not only with its scale but also with its meticulous craftsmanship. The complex consists of 23 main, interconnected temples spread over six levels of terraces climbing nearly 1,000 meters above sea level on the slopes of Mount Agung. The central point is Pura Penataran Agung – the main temple with seven ascending terraces and multiple courtyards, symbolically guiding the pilgrim closer to the spiritual center. The tallest meru towers, or pagodas, have 11 tiers – a number reserved for the most important deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma.

At the entrance, you are greeted by the monumental candi bentar gate, split in half, symbolizing the transition from the secular to the spiritual world. The main courtyards are separated by richly decorated kori agung gates, often guarded by sculptures of demons and mythical creatures like Kala-Makara – a lion and sea monster hybrid symbolizing the forces of creation and destruction. Each level of the temple is connected by stairs, and the overall layout reflects the cosmic order and Balinese philosophy of harmony – Tri Hita Karana, or the unity of humans, nature, and the gods.

The multi-tiered meru towers are the most recognizable element of the complex – their number of levels is always odd (3, 5, 7, 9, 11), and each roof is covered with palm fiber. These towers symbolize Mount Meru, the axis of the universe in Hinduism, and their pointed form leads the eyes and thoughts skyward. Meru towers are richly carved, with each level adorned with motifs from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and local legends. The entire complex features hundreds of stone sculptures and bas-reliefs – from depictions of deities, Garuda (the mythical bird), to naga dragons and lotus flowers symbolizing purity, protection, and divine power.

The temples are built mainly from local paras volcanic stone, quarried from the slopes of Mount Agung. This material not only ensures durability but also blends perfectly with the landscape, emphasizing the temple’s connection with nature’s forces. The porous structure of the stone allows for natural ventilation inside, making the space pleasantly cool even in tropical heat. Every detail – from balustrade ornaments to gate bas-reliefs and intricate altar decorations – was handcrafted by Balinese master artisans, who pass down their skills in stonemasonry and woodcarving from generation to generation.

It's worth noting the symbolism of the temple layout – the main sanctuaries are dedicated to the three most important deities, while four temples at the edges of the complex correspond to the four cardinal directions and four forms of God: Pura Batu Madeg (north), Pura Kiduling Kreteg (south), Pura Gelap (east), and Pura Ulun Kulkul (west). Together, they form a spiritual map of the universe that can be "read" while walking through the temple.

In summary, Pura Besakih is not just a place of worship but a living encyclopedia of Balinese symbolism, craftsmanship, and architecture. Every step, every sculpture, and every tower tells its own story, and the numbers and details – from 23 temples to 11-tiered meru and hundreds of carvings – create a one-of-a-kind spiritual landscape that amazes, inspires, and invites reflection.

 

Religion and Traditions in Bali

Religion and traditions in Bali are inseparably linked, creating a unique and fascinating culture. Balinese Hinduism, a blend of Hinduism, Buddhism, and local animistic beliefs, plays a central role in the lives of the Balinese people. Every aspect of life, from birth to death, is governed by religious rituals and traditions. Temples are vital places of worship and play a key role in preserving Balinese cultural identity. Traditional dances, music, and art are deeply rooted in religion and are performed during ceremonies and festivals. Balinese people place great importance on harmony with nature and ancestral spirits, which is reflected in their beliefs and practices. Preserving tradition is a way to safeguard Bali's unique heritage in the face of globalization.

 

Interesting Facts and Trivia about Pura Besakih

Pura Besakih, the Mother Temple, holds many fascinating facts that make it an even more captivating place. This vast temple complex is not just a single sanctuary but a collection of 23 temples situated on the slopes of Mount Agung. Each of these temples has its unique meaning and is dedicated to different deities. Interestingly, the history of this site dates back to the 11th century, with some sources pointing to even earlier local cults that existed before Hinduism arrived in Bali. Another curious fact is that during the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963, the lava miraculously avoided the temple, which was considered a divine sign and proof of the temple’s sanctity by the Balinese people. Visiting the temple also gives you the opportunity to witness unique ceremonies and festivals that are held regularly. Keep in mind that proper attire is required to enter the temple – wearing a sarong is mandatory, and it can be rented on-site.

 

Awards and Recognition

Pura Besakih is not listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although it is primarily a place of worship and the spiritual heart of Bali, its cultural and historical importance is also recognized internationally. While there may not be many official awards or honors, the temple has been considered and proposed for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List, which is an acknowledgment in itself. This recognition underscores the universal value of the temple complex as a site of exceptional significance to humanity. Additionally, the temple regularly appears in travel guides and publications on culture and religion, reflecting its popularity and acclaim. It’s also worth noting the dedication of the local community in preserving and promoting the temple, as well as in maintaining cultural traditions and heritage. Pura Besakih is a living museum that continually inspires and fascinates people from around the world. It is undoubtedly a place worth visiting and experiencing firsthand.

 

Pura Besakih in Popular Culture

Pura Besakih, as Bali’s most iconic temple, has found its way into popular culture, inspiring artists, filmmakers, and writers. Its picturesque location on the slopes of Mount Agung, expansive temple complex, and rich Hindu symbolism make it an ideal subject for photography, paintings, and films. Pura Besakih frequently appears on postcards, posters, and promotional brochures advertising Bali as a paradise island. In documentaries and travel programs, the temple is portrayed as a symbol of Balinese culture and religion. Furthermore, Pura Besakih is a common motif in Balinese art, from traditional paintings to modern installations. It's also the site of numerous festivals and ceremonies that attract tourists from all over the world, with their experiences often shared on social media. A visit to Pura Besakih is an unforgettable journey that lingers in memory and inspires further exploration and appreciation of Bali’s beauty.

 

Practical Information for Tourists

How to Get to Besakih Temple in Bali?

Getting to Pura Besakih isn’t difficult, but there are a few transportation options to consider while on the island. The most popular way is to rent a scooter or car, which gives you flexibility to explore many parts of Bali. You can also use local transport services offering transfers from Ubud, Denpasar, or other towns. If you're not confident in driving, it’s a good idea to hire a guide who can not only provide transport but also share valuable insights about the temple and its surroundings.

 

Tips for Traveling from Ubud

If you plan to travel from Ubud, you have a few options. Renting a scooter will take about 30–40 minutes, depending on road conditions. The route goes through scenic landscapes, so it’s worth stopping to enjoy the views. Alternatively, you can take a local taxi or book transport through apps like Grab. Keep in mind that traffic in Bali is left-hand, so if you're not used to it, public transport or a hired driver might be the better choice.

 

Do I Need a Guide?

Although it’s absolutely possible to visit Pura Besakih on your own, hiring a guide can enrich your experience. A guide will help you understand the complexity of Balinese culture and explain the history and meaning of various elements of the temple. Visitors unfamiliar with local customs might find it challenging to navigate the temple, so it’s helpful to have someone knowledgeable to assist and answer your questions.

 

What Are the Rules for Visiting Pura Besakih?

Proper Temple Attire

When visiting Pura Besakih, you must wear appropriate clothing (a sarong is mandatory), respect local customs, and prepare for a long walk. When planning your visit to Pura Besakih, keep a few practical tips in mind to make your journey more comfortable and enjoyable. First and foremost, dress appropriately – a sarong is required, and your shoulders should be covered. You can rent one on-site, but it’s a good idea to bring your own to avoid queues.

 

Visitor Expectations

Tourists visiting Pura Besakih are also expected to follow certain rules. Remember that this is a sacred place, so you should behave respectfully, avoid loud conversations and noise. Many people come here to pray, so please respect their privacy. Photography is allowed, but always ask for permission before taking pictures of people participating in ceremonies. Pay attention to signs and instructions posted throughout the complex.

 

Opening Hours and Entrance Fees

Pura Besakih is open daily, though opening hours may vary depending on the season. The complex is typically accessible from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Be aware that there is usually a small entrance fee, and the funds go toward maintaining the temple and supporting the local community. It’s helpful to bring small cash for easier access, and for giving voluntary donations to guides.

 

What Are the Best Ways to Explore and Experience Balinese Culture?

Participating in Hindu Ceremonies

One of the best ways to experience Balinese culture is by attending local Hindu ceremonies. Pura Besakih hosts a variety of rituals, and if you have the chance, it’s worth participating. You’ll witness how Balinese people present offerings, pray, and celebrate important events. It’s not only an opportunity to learn about the culture but also to gain deeper understanding of the spirituality of the Balinese community.

 

The Hindu Temple Pura Besakih and Its Importance to the Local Community

Pura Besakih is a spiritual and cultural center for the local Balinese community, serving as a key element among Hindu temples on Bali. Pura Besakih holds immense significance for the local Balinese community. It’s not just the most important pura temple on Bali, but also a spiritual and cultural center for many Balinese people. The Besakih Temple plays a vital role in the religious life of the local population, being the site of numerous ceremonies and festivals. Villagers from around Mount Agung regularly come to Pura Besakih to pray and make offerings. Traditions and beliefs related to the Mother Temple are passed down from generation to generation, reinforcing the cultural identity of the Balinese. Additionally, Pura Besakih serves as an important source of income for the local community through tourism and souvenir sales. Locals are actively involved in protecting and maintaining the temple complex, preserving its cultural heritage for future generations. The Besakih Temple is a symbol of unity and identity for the Balinese, who draw strength and inspiration from it.

 

The Most Important Festival on the Island

The most important festival at Pura Besakih is Odalan Pura Besakih, also known as Betara Turun Kabeh ("All Deities Descend"), held every 210 days according to the Balinese pawukon calendar. The festivities last about 10 days and are considered the most significant religious event on the entire island. During this time, the temple complex fills with tens of thousands of worshippers dressed in traditional ceremonial attire, carrying colorful offerings on their heads. Hundreds of priests conduct rituals simultaneously, numerous offerings (banten) are presented, and the air is filled with the sounds of traditional gamelan orchestras accompanying sacred dances such as legong and barong. Apart from the main Odalan celebration, Pura Besakih also hosts rare and highly important ceremonies such as Eka Dasa Rudra (theoretically held once every 100 years) and Panca Wali Krama (every 10 years). During all these festivities, Pura Besakih becomes a spiritual center not only for the people of Bali but also for Hindus from other parts of Indonesia and tourists interested in the island’s culture and religion. The roads leading to the temple become filled with pilgrims, and nearby villages prepare special accommodations for them.

 

What to See Around Pura Besakih?

Other Nearby Temples like Lempuyang

The surroundings of Pura Besakih are full of other interesting places to visit. One such place is the Lempuyang Temple, also known as the Gates of Heaven, famous for its picturesque gates that have become a popular Instagram spot, especially at sunset. You can easily organize a trip from Pura Besakih to Lempuyang to admire breathtaking views and experience the magical atmosphere of the site. Lempuyang Temple is known as the “gateway to heaven,” and the vistas from there are truly unforgettable.

 

Rice Fields and Terraces around Besakih

You also can’t miss the beautiful rice fields and terraces surrounding Besakih. These picturesque landscapes are not only a symbol of Bali but also a place where you can feel the true essence of the island. It’s worth taking a walk through the area to enjoy the scenery and see how Balinese people cultivate rice in traditional ways. You may also meet local residents who are happy to share their stories and traditions.

 

Nature and Mount Agung

Mount Agung, which towers over Pura Besakih, is another reason to visit this area. Agung is considered a sacred mountain, and its presence adds a mystical aura to the entire complex. You might consider hiking the volcano to watch the sunrise – an unforgettable experience. Around the mountain, you’ll find trekking trails that lead through beautiful terrain full of exotic flora and fauna. Whether you’re an avid adventurer or just want to enjoy the views, the nature surrounding Pura Besakih will surely enchant you.

"We have to protect this holy temple, we have to maintain it with full respect so that Hindus and visitors coming to Pura Agung Besakih can feel its aura of sanctity, because by keeping it clean, you also keep it tidy, neat, and at the same time it becomes a beautiful place." - President Jokowi.

Architect of Pura Besakih

Architect of Pura Besakih is Rsi Markandeya (according to legend, he was the founder of the temple)

How many meters have Pura Besakih?

Height of Pura Besakih is About 30 meters (11 floors)

how many meters have Pura BesakihScale

Construction/building type

Building Pura Besakih is of type Temple complex, Hindu temple complex

Architectural style

Architectural style of Pura Besakih is Balinese

Other dimensions, parameters and frequently asked questions

Pura Besakih

What area have Pura Besakih?

Pura Besakih have area of Approximately 3 km² (the entire sacred area)

What material is the building made of?

Pura Besakih is made of the following materials: Volcanic stone (paras), wood, bamboo

Practical informations

Pura Besakih

What is the cost of entry for Pura Besakih?

Tickets for Pura Besakih are available at the following prices and variants:

  • International tourists: 150,000 IDR (~10 USD).
  • Local tourists: 80,000 IDR.
  • Included: guide, sarong, shuttle bus transportation.

At what times is open Pura Besakih?

Pura Besakih is open or accessible to the public on the following dates and times:

  • For tourists: daily 8:00am-5:00/18:00pm.
  • For the faithful: 24h (prayer and ceremonies).

Other names

The building is also known by other common names or in the original language, i.e. Matka Świątyń Bali

Official website

The official website of the building, where up-to-date information can be found, is https://besakih.org/

Questions and answers

What rules apply during the tour?

Wear appropriate attire: covered arms and legs (sarong mandatory, can be rented locally). Do not enter the central temples - they are reserved for praying Balinese. No meals are eaten in the compound, and silence and respect for local customs must be maintained.

How much time should I allow for a tour?

It is best to set aside several hours or even a full day to explore the entire complex. If you have less time, focus on the main Penataran Agung temple.

Is it possible to enter all the temples?

Tourists can visit the two terraces and admire the temples from the outside. Only those who are praying, i.e. Balinese, are allowed to enter the interiors.

How to get to Pura Besakih?

The easiest way to get there is by car with a driver, scooter or as part of an organized tour from Ubud, Kuta or other major towns in Bali. The road leads through scenic areas.

Is the temple open during religious ceremonies?

Yes, but access to some parts of the complex may be restricted during large ceremonies. However, this is a unique opportunity to see traditional Balinese processions and rituals.

How to prepare for your visit?

Bring comfortable shoes, headgear, water and a camera. In the rainy season, a raincoat will come in handy. It's best to arrive in the morning or off-season to avoid the crowds and heat.

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Wojtek
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Byłem, widziałem, warto :) Szczególnie piękne są widoki z górą w tle, polecam :)
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