Neoclassicism - architectural style definition

Neoclassicism is an architectural style that draws on classical architectural forms from the ancient Greek and Roman periods. It involves the design of buildings that are characterised by simple forms, proportions and harmonious compositions. Neoclassicism is also distinguished by a large amount of ornamentation and decoration, which refers to ancient decorative motifs.

Neoclassicism developed in Europe in the 18th century as a response to a growing interest in ancient culture and art. The style was particularly popular in Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States. In Poland, Neoclassicism emerged in the first half of the 19th century and was particularly popular in the second half of that century.

Neoclassicism is mainly characterised by simple and regular forms. Buildings of this type are usually tall and symmetrical, and their facades are divided into equal segments that correspond to the individual storeys. Neoclassical buildings also often have carved porticoes that give them an elegant character.

Proportion and harmony are also very important in Neoclassicism. Buildings of this type are usually designed so that their forms form a coherent whole and follow the principles of classical architecture. Neoclassical buildings are also characterised by a large amount of decoration and ornamentation, which refers to ancient decorative motifs such as columns, pilasters or friezes.

Neoclassicism was an architectural style that developed in the 18th century as a reaction to the growing decline of Baroque and Rococo. This style was inspired by ancient Greece and Rome, turning to simplicity, symmetry and harmony.

Precursors

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580): Italian architect who played a key role in reviving interest in ancient architecture. His works, such as the Villa Rotonda in Vicenza, provided inspiration for later neo-classical buildings.

Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806): French architect who is considered one of the main precursors of Neoclassicism. His works, such as the Saline Royale gates in Arc-et-Senans, display the austerity and geometric forms characteristic of the style.

Most popular buildings

Buckingham Palace in London, UK: It was built between 1703 and 1850 and is one of the most recognisable examples of Neoclassicism. Its façade is inspired by ancient Greek and Roman buildings and features a distinctive pediment on the roof.

Capitol in Washington DC, USA: Designed by architect William Thornton, the Capitol is the seat of the US Congress. Its distinctive white dome and colonnades are reminiscent of ancient Greek and Roman buildings.

Louvre in Paris, France: although the Louvre is mainly Renaissance, the neo-classical architectural style appeared in some later modifications. The famous Denon wing has classical porticoes and pediments that give it a neoclassical aesthetic.

Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany: This is an iconic neo-classical gate built between 1788 and 1791. Its design is based on the gates of the Athenian Acropolis and symbolises the influence of ancient civilisations on modern Europe.

Panthéon in Paris, France: Built as a Catholic church, it now serves as a mausoleum for prominent French figures. Its façade, with its distinctive columned portico, is one of the examples of Neoclassicism in France.

One of the most famous examples of Neoclassicism in Poland is the Wielopolski Palace in Łańcut. This impressive building was built between 1793 and 1795 to a design by Józef Szymon Bellott. The palace consists of two wings that surround a colonnaded courtyard. The elevations are decorated with pilasters, while cornices and rustication give the whole building lightness and finesse. The interior of the palace has been decorated with frescoes and stucco, as well as beautiful ornate fireplaces and panelling. The palace also has several rooms, including the Ballroom, the Great Hall and the Library, which are open to the public.

Another example of Neoclassicism is the Branicki Palace in Bialystok. This building was built between 1742 and 1750 to a design by Tylman of Gameren. The palace consists of two wings that surround a colonnaded courtyard. The elevations are decorated with pilasters and cornices, as well as stone, which gives the whole building massiveness and power. The palace's interiors were decorated with frescoes, stucco and fireplaces.

Neoclassicism was a widespread architectural style in Europe and North America, and these listed buildings represent only a small part of what was created in this style.